Poland

In Poland, cryptocurrencies are legally classified as "virtual currencies" for tax purposes, treated as property or assets rather than legal tender. The country has a regulated status for cryptocurrencies, meaning it is actively implementing the EU's Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation, with the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) overseeing service providers. This framework means that holding or trading cryptocurrencies is permitted and subject to defined rules, rather than being banned. The Ministry of Finance and the National Revenue Administration are the primary bodies governing cryptocurrency taxation in Poland, operating under the Personal Income Tax Act and the forthcoming national implementation of MiCA. For individuals, a flat 19% capital gains tax applies to profits from all cryptocurrency disposals, including converting crypto to fiat currency or swapping one cryptocurrency for another. This 19% rate applies regardless of how long you have held the assets, there are no reduced rates or exemptions for long-term holding periods. Other forms of crypto income, such as certain business activities, can also be taxed at a flat 19%, while other income might fall under the general progressive income tax rates of 12% or 32%. Corporate entities engaging in crypto activities are subject to a standard 19% corporate tax rate, or 9% for small taxpayers. The exchange of cryptocurrencies for fiat or other crypto is exempt from Value Added Tax (VAT), though some crypto-related services may incur a 23% VAT. Specific cryptocurrency activities also have clear tax treatments. Staking rewards are taxed as capital income at 19% at the time they are received. Mining income can be subject to progressive individual income tax rates (12-32%) or a flat 19% business rate if considered a regular business activity, with associated costs like electricity and hardware being deductible. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) activities see rewards and gains taxed at 19%, with each swap or transaction generally considered a taxable event. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are also subject to the 19% capital gains tax on sales, while income from creation or minting may be taxed separately. As of March 2026, a Polish MiCA implementation act is pending. The KNF has stated that non-compliant firms might need to cease or relocate operations after July 2026 if the law is not passed, indicating ongoing efforts to fully integrate MiCA into Polish law and clarify the regulatory landscape.