Greece

Cryptocurrencies are legal in Greece, though the country does not yet have a dedicated tax framework specifically for digital assets. Instead, general income tax laws apply. Cryptocurrencies are treated as taxable digital assets, not as legal tender. The regulatory landscape is also influenced by the EU's MiCA regulation, which became applicable for crypto-assets in December 2024. The Independent Authority for Public Revenue (AADE) is responsible for administering tax laws in Greece, including those applied to cryptocurrency. The current tax rules primarily derive from the General Income Tax Code (Law 4172/2013). For individuals, profits from selling, swapping, or using cryptocurrencies are subject to a flat 15% capital gains tax. There is no distinction between short-term and long-term holding periods, all gains are taxed at this flat rate. Income received in crypto, such as rewards, is taxed at progressive income rates ranging from 9% to 44%, depending on the individual's total annual income. Exchanges between cryptocurrency and fiat currency are exempt from Value Added Tax (VAT). However, service fees charged for crypto-related transactions are generally subject to a 24% VAT. Specific crypto activities also have tax implications. Staking rewards are taxed as income at progressive rates, based on their fair market value at the time of receipt. Cryptocurrency mining is considered a business activity, with income taxed at progressive rates, and associated expenses may be deductible. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) activities, such as trades within yield farming or liquidity pools, incur the 15% capital gains tax on any profits, while DeFi rewards are taxed as income. Sales of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are also subject to the 15% capital gains tax. Both converting crypto to fiat currency and swapping one cryptocurrency for another are considered taxable events that trigger the 15% capital gains tax on any realized profit. Greece is actively working on formalizing its crypto tax regime. A dedicated crypto tax framework is expected to be introduced post-2025, with a Ministry committee proposal anticipated by the end of 2025. This development is expected to provide clearer, more specific guidance on cryptocurrency taxation.